Related Articles The interrelationships between antimicrobial resistance COVID 19 past and future pandemics J Infect Public Health 2020 Dec 09 14 1 53 60 Authors Ukuhor HO Abstract The COVID 19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was first reported in Wuhan China in December 2019 and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality Various types of bacterial and fungal infections occur in patients with COVID 19 with some resistant to antimicrobials that are associated with significantly worse outcomes and deaths Besides antimicrobial resistant AMR co infections are responsible for clinically significant mortality in past pandemics There is evidence to suggest that factors such as the proliferation of adulterated antimicrobials in some developing countries international travels issues with healthcare financing use misuse by humans and in agricultural production and climate change are determinants of AMR at various levels of society These complex interrelated determinants intersect with AMR in current and past pandemics and could amplify the potential of a future antimicrobial resistance pandemic Therefore global concerted interventions targeted at all levels of society to reduce the use misuse of antimicrobials and disrupt these multifaceted interrelated and interdependent factors are urgently needed This paper leverages prior research to describe complex major determinants of antimicrobial resistance and provides fresh insights into possible intervention strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance including in the current and future pandemics PMID 33341485 PubMed as supplied by publisher